Muscular dystrophy isn’t one disease.

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is the name for a group of inherited conditions that cause the muscles used for movement to become weaker over time.

It is caused by changes in genes that affect how muscles are built and repaired. Because different genes can be involved, muscular dystrophy appears in many different forms.

Muscular dystrophy is not one single disease. Each type affects different muscles and often begins at a different age. Some of the better-known types include:

• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) — the most common childhood form, usually affecting boys.
• Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) — similar to Duchenne but generally progresses more slowly.
• Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) — affects the muscles around the hips and shoulders.
• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) — often affects the face, shoulders and upper arms.
• Congenital muscular dystrophy — present from birth or early infancy.
• Myotonic dystrophy — a form that also causes muscle stiffness and can affect other organs.

The signs of muscular dystrophy vary by type and by person. Common ones can include:

• Progressive muscle weakness
• Difficulty walking, running or climbing stairs
• Frequent falls or a waddling walk
• Trouble getting up from the floor
• Muscle cramps, stiffness or pain
• Breathing or heart problems in some types

Symptoms and their severity differ from person to person. Some people are affected mildly, while others may need more support.

If muscular dystrophy is suspected, a doctor may recommend:

• A physical examination and a review of family history
• Blood tests, including creatine kinase (CK) levels
• Genetic testing to identify the specific type
• A muscle biopsy in some cases
• Heart and breathing assessments

There is currently no cure for most types of muscular dystrophy. Care focuses on managing symptoms, protecting mobility and supporting the best possible quality of life. Depending on the type, this can include:

• Physiotherapy and gentle exercise
• Mobility aids such as braces, walkers or wheelchairs
• Medicines, including steroids for some types
• Breathing and heart care
• Speech, swallowing and nutritional support
• A multidisciplinary team working with the person and their family

A diagnosis affects the whole family, not only the person living with the condition. Clear information, early support and a community that understands can make a meaningful difference. Families often benefit from connecting with others who share similar experiences.

Muscular dystrophy can be inherited, so genetic counselling is often helpful for families planning for the future. Caring for someone with muscular dystrophy can also be demanding, and caregivers need support too.